How do biophilic design principles influence mental well-being and productivity in office spaces?

Biophilic design, which incorporates natural elements into urban environments, is increasingly gaining traction in architectural practices, particularly within office settings. This approach seeks to create spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also conducive to enhanced mental well-being and productivity. By integrating elements such as natural light, indoor plants, water features, and organic materials, these designs aim to bridge the gap between the built environment and the natural world. In office contexts, how do these principles impact employees' cognitive functions, stress levels, and overall job satisfaction, and what metrics are used to assess these potential benefits? Furthermore, what challenges do architects and designers face in implementing biophilic design in existing urban landscapes?