How do modern operating systems optimize resource allocation to enhance energy efficiency in mobile devices?

With the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, energy efficiency has become a critical concern for operating systems. Mobile operating systems like Android and iOS must balance performance and battery life, ensuring that applications and background processes do not drain resources unnecessarily. Contemporary strategies involve sophisticated algorithms for task scheduling, adaptive brightness controls, and dynamic voltage scaling, among others. Understanding these OS-level techniques can highlight how mobile platforms provide extended usability while maintaining robust functionality. How do these systems make decisions about resource distribution, and what innovations are being developed for future improvements in energy management?